vboxwrapper.cpp

// This file is part of BOINC.
// http://boinc.berkeley.edu
// Copyright (C) 2010-2012 University of California
//
// BOINC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
// under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// as published by the Free Software Foundation,
// either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
// BOINC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
// See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with BOINC.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// BOINC VirtualBox wrapper; lets you run apps in VMs
// see: http://boinc.berkeley.edu/trac/wiki/VboxApps
//
// usage: vboxwrapper [options]
//
// --trickle X      send a trickle-up message reporting elapsed time every X sec
//                  (use this for credit granting if your app does its
//                  own job management, like CernVM).
// --nthreads N     create a VM with N threads.
// --vmimage N      Use "vm_image_N" as the VM image.
//                  This lets you create an app version with several images,
//                  and the app_plan function can decide which one to use
//                  for the particular host.
// --register_only  Register the VM but don't run it.
//                  Useful for debugging; see the wiki page
//
// Handles:
// - suspend/resume/quit/abort
// - reporting CPU time
// - loss of heartbeat from client
// - checkpoint (using snapshots)
// - a bunch of other stuff; see the wiki page
//
// Contributors:
// Rom Walton
// David Anderson
// Andrew J. Younge (ajy4490 AT umiacs DOT umd DOT edu)
// Jie Wu <jiewu AT cern DOT ch>
// Daniel Lombraña González <teleyinex AT gmail DOT com>

#ifdef _WIN32
#include "boinc_win.h"
#include "win_util.h"
#else
#include <vector>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cmath>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include "version.h"
#include "boinc_api.h"
#include "diagnostics.h"
#include "filesys.h"
#include "md5_file.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include "str_util.h"
#include "str_replace.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "error_numbers.h"
#include "procinfo.h"
#include "floppyio.h"
#include "vboxwrapper.h"
#include "vbox_common.h"
#ifdef _WIN32
#include "vbox_mscom42.h"
#include "vbox_mscom43.h"
#endif
#include "vbox_vboxmanage.h"


using std::vector;
using std::string;


double elapsed_time = 0;
    // job's total elapsed time (over all sessions)
double trickle_period = 0;

bool is_boinc_client_version_newer(APP_INIT_DATA& aid, int maj, int min, int rel) {
    if (maj < aid.major_version) return true;
    if (maj > aid.major_version) return false;
    if (min < aid.minor_version) return true;
    if (min > aid.minor_version) return false;
    if (rel < aid.release) return true;
    return false;
}

char* vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(char* sbuf, int len) {
    char buf[256];
    struct tm tm;
    struct tm *tmp = &tm;
    int n;

    time_t x = time(0);
#ifdef _WIN32
#ifdef __MINGW32__
    if ((tmp = localtime(&x)) == NULL)
#else
    if (localtime_s(&tm, &x) == EINVAL)
#endif
#else
    if (localtime_r(&x, &tm) == NULL)
#endif
    {
        strcpy(sbuf, "localtime() failed");
        return sbuf;
    }
    if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", tmp) == 0) {
        strcpy(sbuf, "strftime() failed");
        return sbuf;
    }
#ifdef _WIN32
    n = _snprintf(sbuf, len, "%s (%d):", buf, GetCurrentProcessId());
#else
    n = snprintf(sbuf, len, "%s (%d):", buf, getpid());
#endif
    if (n < 0) {
        strcpy(sbuf, "sprintf() failed");
        return sbuf;
    }
    sbuf[len-1] = 0;    // just in case
    return sbuf;
}

int parse_port_forward(VBOX_VM& vm, XML_PARSER& xp) {
    char buf2[256];
    int host_port=0, guest_port=0, nports=1;
    bool is_remote;
    while (!xp.get_tag()) {
        if (xp.match_tag("/port_forward")) {
            if (!host_port) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s parse_port_forward(): unspecified host port\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf2, sizeof(buf2))
                );
                return ERR_XML_PARSE;
            }
            if (!guest_port) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s parse_port_forward(): unspecified guest port\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf2, sizeof(buf2))
                );
                return ERR_XML_PARSE;
            }
            PORT_FORWARD pf;
            pf.host_port = host_port;
            pf.guest_port = guest_port;
            pf.is_remote = is_remote;
            for (int i=0; i<nports; i++) {
                vm.port_forwards.push_back(pf);
                pf.host_port++;
                pf.guest_port++;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_bool("is_remote", is_remote)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_int("host_port", host_port)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_int("guest_port", guest_port)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_int("nports", nports)) continue;
        else {
            fprintf(stderr,
                "%s parse_port_forward(): unparsed %s\n",
                vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf2, sizeof(buf2)),
                xp.parsed_tag
            );
        }
    }
    return ERR_XML_PARSE;
}

int parse_job_file(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    INTERMEDIATE_UPLOAD iu;
    MIOFILE mf;
    string str;
    char buf[1024], buf2[256];

    boinc_resolve_filename(JOB_FILENAME, buf, sizeof(buf));
    FILE* f = boinc_fopen(buf, "r");
    if (!f) {
        fprintf(stderr,
            "%s can't open job file %s\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf2, sizeof(buf2)), buf
        );
        return ERR_FOPEN;
    }
    mf.init_file(f);
    XML_PARSER xp(&mf);

    if (!xp.parse_start("vbox_job")) return ERR_XML_PARSE;
    while (!xp.get_tag()) {
        if (!xp.is_tag) {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s parse_job_file(): unexpected text %s\n",
                vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), xp.parsed_tag
            );
            continue;
        }
        if (xp.match_tag("/vbox_job")) {
            fclose(f);
            return 0;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_string("vm_disk_controller_type", vm.vm_disk_controller_type)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_string("vm_disk_controller_model", vm.vm_disk_controller_model)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_string("os_name", vm.os_name)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_double("memory_size_mb", vm.memory_size_mb)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_double("job_duration", vm.job_duration)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_double("minimum_checkpoint_interval", vm.minimum_checkpoint_interval)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_string("fraction_done_filename", vm.fraction_done_filename)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_cern_dataformat", vm.enable_cern_dataformat)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_network", vm.enable_network)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("network_bridged_mode", vm.network_bridged_mode)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_shared_directory", vm.enable_shared_directory)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_floppyio", vm.enable_floppyio)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_cache_disk", vm.enable_cache_disk)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_isocontextualization", vm.enable_isocontextualization)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_remotedesktop", vm.enable_remotedesktop)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_bool("enable_gbac", vm.enable_gbac)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_int("pf_guest_port", vm.pf_guest_port)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_int("pf_host_port", vm.pf_host_port)) continue;
        else if (xp.parse_string("copy_to_shared", str)) {
            vm.copy_to_shared.push_back(str);
            continue;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_string("trickle_trigger_file", str)) {
            vm.trickle_trigger_files.push_back(str);
            continue;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_string("intermediate_upload_file", str)) {
            iu.clear();
            iu.file = str;
            vm.intermediate_upload_files.push_back(iu);
            continue;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_string("completion_trigger_file", str)) {
            vm.completion_trigger_file = str;
            continue;
        }
        else if (xp.parse_string("temporary_exit_trigger_file", str)) {
            vm.temporary_exit_trigger_file = str;
            continue;
        }
        else if (xp.match_tag("port_forward")) {
            parse_port_forward(vm, xp);
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "%s parse_job_file(): unexpected tag %s\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), xp.parsed_tag
        );
    }
    fclose(f);
    return ERR_XML_PARSE;
}

void write_checkpoint(double elapsed, double cpu, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    FILE* f = fopen(CHECKPOINT_FILENAME, "w");
    if (!f) return;
    fprintf(f, "%f %f %d %d\n", elapsed, cpu, vm.pf_host_port, vm.rd_host_port);
    fclose(f);
}

void read_checkpoint(double& elapsed, double& cpu, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    double c;
    double e;
    int pf_host;
    int rd_host;
    elapsed = 0.0;
    cpu = 0.0;
    vm.pf_host_port = 0;
    vm.rd_host_port = 0;
    FILE* f = fopen(CHECKPOINT_FILENAME, "r");
    if (!f) return;
    int n = fscanf(f, "%lf %lf %d %d", &e, &c, &pf_host, &rd_host);
    fclose(f);
    if (n != 4) return;
    elapsed = e;
    cpu = c;
    vm.pf_host_port = pf_host;
    vm.rd_host_port = rd_host;
}

void read_fraction_done(double& frac_done, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    char buf[256];
    double temp, frac = 0;

    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.fraction_done_filename.c_str());
    FILE* f = fopen(path, "r");
    if (!f) return;

    // read the last line of the file
    //
    fseek(f, -32, SEEK_END);
    while (!feof(f)) {
        char* p = fgets(buf, 256, f);
        if (p == NULL) break;
        int n = sscanf(buf, "%lf", &temp);
        if (n == 1) frac = temp;
    }
    fclose(f);

    if (frac < 0) {
        frac = 0;
    }
    if (frac > 1) {
        frac = 1;
    }

    frac_done = frac;
}

bool completion_file_exists(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.completion_trigger_file.c_str());
    if (boinc_file_exists(path)) return true;
    return false;
}

void read_completion_file_info(unsigned long& exit_code, bool& is_notice, string& message, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    char buf[1024];

    exit_code = 0;
    message = "";

    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.completion_trigger_file.c_str());
    FILE* f = fopen(path, "r");
    if (f) {
        if (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            exit_code = atoi(buf) != 0;
        }
        if (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            is_notice = atoi(buf) != 0;
        }
        while (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            message += buf;
        }
        fclose(f);
    }
}

bool temporary_exit_file_exists(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.temporary_exit_trigger_file.c_str());
    if (boinc_file_exists(path)) return true;
    return false;
}

void read_temporary_exit_file_info(int& temp_delay, bool& is_notice, string& message, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    char buf[1024];

    temp_delay = 0;
    message = "";

    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.temporary_exit_trigger_file.c_str());
    FILE* f = fopen(path, "r");
    if (f) {
        if (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            temp_delay = atoi(buf);
        }
        if (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            is_notice = atoi(buf) != 0;
        }
        while (fgets(buf, 1024, f) != NULL) {
            message += buf;
        }
        fclose(f);
    }
}

void delete_temporary_exit_trigger_file(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    sprintf(path, "shared/%s", vm.temporary_exit_trigger_file.c_str());
    boinc_delete_file(path);
}

// set CPU and network throttling if needed
//
void set_throttles(APP_INIT_DATA& aid, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    double x = 0, y = 0;

    // VirtualBox freaks out if the CPU Usage value is too low to actually
    // do any processing.  It probably wouldn't be so bad if the RDP interface
    // didn't also get hosed by it.
    //
    x = aid.global_prefs.cpu_usage_limit;
    // 0 means "no limit"
    //
    if (x == 0.0) x = 100;
    // For now set the minimum CPU Usage value to 1.
    //
    if (x < 1) x = 1;
    vm.set_cpu_usage((int)x);

    // vbox doesn't distinguish up and down bandwidth; use the min of the prefs
    //
    x = aid.global_prefs.max_bytes_sec_up;
    y = aid.global_prefs.max_bytes_sec_down;
    if (y) {
        if (!x || y < x) {
            x = y;
        }
    }
    if (x) {
        vm.set_network_usage((int)(x/1024));
    }

}

// If the Floppy device has been specified, initialize its state so that
// it contains the contents of the init_data.xml file.
// In theory this would allow network enabled VMs to know about
// proxy server configurations either specified by the volunteer
// or automatically detected by the client.
//
// CERN decided they only needed a small subset of the data and changed the
// data format to 'name=value\n' pairs.  So if we are running under their
// environment set things up accordingly.
//
void set_floppy_image(APP_INIT_DATA& aid, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    int retval;
    char buf[256];
    std::string scratch;

    if (vm.enable_floppyio) {
        scratch = "";
        if (!vm.enable_cern_dataformat) {
            retval = read_file_string(INIT_DATA_FILE, scratch);
            if (retval) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s can't write init_data.xml to floppy abstration device\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
                );
            }
        } else {
            // Per: https://github.com/stig/json-framework/issues/48
            //
            // Use %.17g to represent doubles
            //
            scratch  = "BOINC_USERNAME=" + string(aid.user_name) + "\n";
            scratch += "BOINC_AUTHENTICATOR=" + string(aid.authenticator) + "\n";

            sprintf(buf, "%d", aid.userid);
            scratch += "BOINC_USERID=" + string(buf) + "\n";

            sprintf(buf, "%d", aid.hostid);
            scratch += "BOINC_HOSTID=" + string(buf) + "\n";

            sprintf(buf, "%.17g", aid.user_total_credit);
            scratch += "BOINC_USER_TOTAL_CREDIT=" + string(buf) + "\n";

            sprintf(buf, "%.17g", aid.host_total_credit);
            scratch += "BOINC_HOST_TOTAL_CREDIT=" + string(buf) + "\n";
        }
        vm.write_floppy(scratch);
    }
}

// if there's a port for web graphics, tell the client about it
//
void set_web_graphics_url(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char buf[256], buf2[256];
    for (unsigned int i=0; i<vm.port_forwards.size(); i++) {
        PORT_FORWARD& pf = vm.port_forwards[i];
        if (pf.guest_port == vm.pf_guest_port) {
            sprintf(buf2, "http://localhost:%d", pf.host_port);
            fprintf(stderr, "%s Detected: Web Application Enabled (%s)\n",
                vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                buf2
            );
            boinc_web_graphics_url(buf2);
            break;
        }
    }
}

// set remote desktop information if needed
//
void set_remote_desktop_info(APP_INIT_DATA& /* aid */, VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char buf[256];

    if (vm.rd_host_port) {
        // Write info to disk
        //
        MIOFILE mf;
        FILE* f = boinc_fopen(REMOTEDESKTOP_FILENAME, "w");
        mf.init_file(f);

        mf.printf(
            "<remote_desktop>\n"
            "  <host_port>%d</host_port>\n"
            "</remote_desktop>\n",
            vm.rd_host_port
        );

        fclose(f);

        sprintf(buf, "localhost:%d", vm.rd_host_port);
        boinc_remote_desktop_addr(buf);
    }
}

// check for trickle trigger files, and send trickles if find them.
//
void check_trickle_triggers(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    char filename[256], path[MAXPATHLEN], buf[256];
    for (unsigned int i=0; i<vm.trickle_trigger_files.size(); i++) {
        strcpy(filename, vm.trickle_trigger_files[i].c_str());
        sprintf(path, "shared/%s", filename);
        if (!boinc_file_exists(path)) continue;
        string text;
        int retval = read_file_string(path, text);
        if (retval) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                "%s can't read trickle trigger file %s\n",
                vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), filename
            );
        } else {
            retval = boinc_send_trickle_up(
                filename, const_cast<char*>(text.c_str())
            );
            if (retval) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s boinc_send_trickle_up() failed: %s\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), boincerror(retval)
                );
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s sent trickle-up of variety %s\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), filename
                );
            }
        }
        boinc_delete_file(path);
    }
}

// check for intermediate upload files, and send them if found.
//
void check_intermediate_uploads(VBOX_VM& vm) {
    int retval;
    char filename[256], path[MAXPATHLEN], buf[256];
    for (unsigned int i=0; i<vm.intermediate_upload_files.size(); i++) {
        strcpy(filename, vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].file.c_str());
        sprintf(path, "shared/%s", filename);
        if (!boinc_file_exists(path)) continue;
        if (!vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].reported && !vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].ignore) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                "%s Reporting an intermediate file. (%s)\n",
                vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].file.c_str()
            );
            retval = boinc_upload_file(vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].file);
            if (retval) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s boinc_upload_file() failed: %s\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), boincerror(retval)
                );
                vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].ignore = true;
            } else {
                vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].reported = true;
            }
        } else if (vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].reported && !vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].ignore) {
            retval = boinc_upload_status(vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].file);
            if (!retval) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s Intermediate file uploaded. (%s)\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                    vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].file.c_str()
                );
                vm.intermediate_upload_files[i].ignore = true;
            }
        }
    }
}

// see if it's time to send trickle-up reporting elapsed time
//
void check_trickle_period() {
    char buf[256];
    static double last_trickle_report_time = 0;

    if ((elapsed_time - last_trickle_report_time) < trickle_period) {
        return;
    }
    last_trickle_report_time = elapsed_time;
    fprintf(
        stderr,
        "%s Status Report: Trickle-Up Event.\n",
        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
    );
    sprintf(buf,
        "<cpu_time>%f</cpu_time>", last_trickle_report_time
    );
    int retval = boinc_send_trickle_up(
        const_cast<char*>("cpu_time"), buf
    );
    if (retval) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Sending Trickle-Up Event failed (%d).\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
            retval
        );
    }
}

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    int retval = 0;
    int loop_iteration = 0;
    BOINC_OPTIONS boinc_options;
    APP_INIT_DATA aid;
    VBOX_VM* pVM = NULL;
    double random_checkpoint_factor = 0;
    double fraction_done = 0;
    double current_cpu_time = 0;
    double starting_cpu_time = 0;
    double last_checkpoint_cpu_time = 0;
    double last_checkpoint_elapsed_time = 0;
    double last_status_report_time = 0;
    double stopwatch_starttime = 0;
    double stopwatch_endtime = 0;
    double stopwatch_elapsedtime = 0;
    double sleep_time = 0;
    double bytes_sent = 0;
    double bytes_received = 0;
    double ncpus = 0;
    double memory_size_mb = 0;
    double timeout = 0.0;
    bool report_net_usage = false;
    double net_usage_timer = 600;
	int vm_image = 0;
    unsigned long vm_exit_code = 0;
    bool is_notice = false;
    int temp_delay = 86400;
    string message;
    char buf[256];


    memset(&boinc_options, 0, sizeof(boinc_options));
    boinc_options.main_program = true;
    boinc_options.check_heartbeat = true;
    boinc_options.handle_process_control = true;
    boinc_init_options(&boinc_options);


    // Prepare environment for detecting system conditions
    //
    boinc_get_init_data_p(&aid);

    // Log banner
    //
    fprintf(
        stderr,
        "%s vboxwrapper (%d.%d.%d): starting\n",
        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
        BOINC_MAJOR_VERSION,
        BOINC_MINOR_VERSION,
        VBOXWRAPPER_RELEASE
    );

    // Initialize system services
    // 
#ifdef _WIN32
    // Initialize the COM subsystem.
    CoInitialize(NULL);

#ifdef USE_WINSOCK
    WSADATA wsdata;
    retval = WSAStartup( MAKEWORD( 1, 1 ), &wsdata);
    if (retval) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s can't initialize winsock: %d\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
            retval
        );
        boinc_finish(retval);
    }
#endif
#endif


#ifdef _WIN32
    // Determine what version of VirtualBox we are using via the registry. Use a
    // namespace specific version of the function because VirtualBox has been known
    // to change the registry location from time to time.
    //
    // NOTE: We cannot use COM to automatically detect which interfaces are installed
    //       on the machine because it will attempt to launch the 'vboxsvc' process
    //       without out environment variable changes and muck everything up.
    //
    string vbox_version;
    int vbox_major = 0, vbox_minor = 0;

    if (BOINC_SUCCESS != vbox42::VBOX_VM::get_version_information(vbox_version)) {
        vbox43::VBOX_VM::get_version_information(vbox_version);
    }
    if (!vbox_version.empty()) {
        sscanf(vbox_version.c_str(), "%d.%d", &vbox_major, &vbox_minor);
        if ((4 == vbox_major) && (2 == vbox_minor)) {
            pVM = (VBOX_VM*) new vbox42::VBOX_VM();
        }
        if ((4 == vbox_major) && (3 == vbox_minor)) {
            pVM = (VBOX_VM*) new vbox43::VBOX_VM();
        }
    }
    if (!pVM) {
        pVM = (VBOX_VM*) new vboxmanage::VBOX_VM();
    }
#else
    pVM = (VBOX_VM*) new vboxmanage::VBOX_VM();
#endif


    for (int i=1; i<argc; i++) {
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--trickle")) {
            trickle_period = atof(argv[++i]);
        }
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--ncpus")) {
            ncpus = atof(argv[++i]);
        }
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--memory_size_mb")) {
            memory_size_mb = atof(argv[++i]);
        }
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--vmimage")) {
            vm_image = atoi(argv[++i]);
        }
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--register_only")) {
            pVM->register_only = true;
        }
    }

    // Choose a random interleave value for checkpoint intervals to stagger disk I/O.
    // 
    struct stat vm_image_stat;
    if (-1 == stat(IMAGE_FILENAME_COMPLETE, &vm_image_stat)) {
        srand((int)time(NULL));
    } else {
        srand((int)(vm_image_stat.st_mtime * time(NULL)));
    }
    random_checkpoint_factor = (double)(((int)(drand() * 100000.0)) % 600);
    fprintf(
        stderr,
        "%s Feature: Checkpoint interval offset (%d seconds)\n",
        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
        (int)random_checkpoint_factor
    );

    // Display trickle value if specified
    //
    if (trickle_period > 0.0) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Feature: Enabling trickle-ups (Interval: %f)\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)), trickle_period
        );
    }

    // Check for architecture incompatibilities
    // 
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_M_IX86)
    if (strstr(aid.host_info.os_version, "x64")) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s 64-bit version of BOINC is required, please upgrade. Rescheduling execution for a later date.\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
        boinc_temporary_exit(86400, "Architecture incompatibility detected.");
    }
#endif

    // Initialize VM Hypervisor
    //
    retval = pVM->initialize();
    if (retval) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Could not detect VM Hypervisor. Rescheduling execution for a later date.\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
        boinc_temporary_exit(86400, "Detection of VM Hypervisor failed.");
    }

    // Record what version of VirtualBox was used.
    // 
    if (!pVM->virtualbox_version.empty()) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Detected: %s\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
            pVM->virtualbox_version.c_str()
        );
    }

    // Record if anonymous platform was used.
    // 
    if (boinc_file_exists((std::string(aid.project_dir) + std::string("/app_info.xml")).c_str())) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Detected: Anonymous Platform Enabled\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
    }

    // Record if the sandboxed configuration is going to be used.
    //
    if (aid.using_sandbox) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Detected: Sandbox Configuration Enabled\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
    }

    // Record which mode VirtualBox should be started in.
    //
    if (aid.vbox_window || boinc_is_standalone()) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Detected: Headless Mode Disabled\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
        pVM->headless = false;
    }

    // Check for invalid confgiurations.
    //
    if (aid.using_sandbox && aid.vbox_window) {
        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf));
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Invalid configuration detected.\n"
            "%s NOTE: BOINC cannot be installed as a service and run VirtualBox in headfull mode at the same time.\n",
            buf,
            buf
        );
        boinc_temporary_exit(86400, "Incompatible configuration detected.");
    }

    // Check against known incompatible versions of VirtualBox.  
    // VirtualBox 4.2.6 crashes during snapshot operations
    // and 4.2.18 fails to restore from snapshots properly.
    //
    if ((pVM->virtualbox_version.find("4.2.6") != std::string::npos) || 
        (pVM->virtualbox_version.find("4.2.18") != std::string::npos) || 
        (pVM->virtualbox_version.find("4.3.0") != std::string::npos) ) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Incompatible version of VirtualBox detected. Please upgrade to a later version.\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
        boinc_temporary_exit(86400,
            "Incompatible version of VirtualBox detected; please upgrade.",
            true
        );
    }

    // Check to see if the system is in a state in which we expect to be able to run
    // VirtualBox successfully.  Sometimes the system is in a wierd state after a
    // reboot and the system needs a little bit of time.
    //
    if (!pVM->is_system_ready(message)) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s Could not communicate with VM Hypervisor. Rescheduling execution for a later date.\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
        );
        boinc_temporary_exit(86400, message.c_str());
    }

    // Parse Job File
    //
    retval = parse_job_file(*pVM);
    if (retval) {
        fprintf(
            stderr,
            "%s can't parse job file: %d\n",
            vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
            retval
        );
        boinc_finish(retval);
    }

    // Record which mode VirtualBox should be started in.
    //
    fprintf(
        stderr,
        "%s Detected: Minimum checkpoint interval (%f seconds)\n",
        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
        pVM->minimum_checkpoint_interval
    );

    // Validate whatever configuration options we can
    //
    if (pVM->enable_shared_directory) {
        if (boinc_file_exists("shared")) {
            if (!is_dir("shared")) {
                fprintf(
                    stderr,
                    "%s 'shared' exists but is not a directory.\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf))
                );
            }
        } else {
            retval = boinc_mkdir("shared");
            if (retval) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s couldn't created shared directory: %s.\n",
                    vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                    boincerror(retval)
                );
            }
        }
    }

    // Copy files to the shared directory
    //
    if (pVM->enable_shared_directory && pVM->copy_to_shared.size()) {
        for (vector<string>::iterator iter = pVM->copy_to_shared.begin(); iter != pVM->copy_to_shared.end(); iter++) {
            string source = *iter;
            string destination = string("shared/") + *iter;
            if (!boinc_file_exists(destination.c_str())) {
                if (!boinc_copy(source.c_str(), destination.c_str())) {
                    fprintf(stderr,
                        "%s successfully copied '%s' to the shared directory.\n",
                        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                        source.c_str()
                    );
                } else {
                    fprintf(stderr,
                        "%s failed to copy '%s' to the shared directory.\n",
                        vboxwrapper_msg_prefix(buf, sizeof(buf)),
                        source.c_str()
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Configure Instance specific VM Parameters
    //
    pVM->vm_master_name = "boinc_";
    pVM->image_filename = IMAGE_FILENAME_COMPLETE;
    if (boinc_is_standalone()) {
        pVM->vm_master_name += "standalone";
        pVM->vm_master_description = "standalone";
        if (pVM->enable_floppyio) {
            sprintf(buf, "%s.%s",
                FLOPPY_IMAGE_FILENAME, FLOPPY_IMAGE_FILENAME_EXTENSION
            );
            pVM->floppy_image_filename = buf;
        }
    } else {
        pVM->vm_master_name += md5_string(std::string(aid.result_name)).substr(0, 16);
        pVM->vm_master_description = aid.result_name;
		if (vm_image) {
            sprintf(buf, "%s_%d.%s",
                IMAGE_FILENAME, vm_image, IMAGE_FILENAME_EXTENSION
            );
            pVM->image_filename = buf;
		}
        if (pVM->enable_floppyio) {
            sprintf(buf, "%s_%d.%s",
                FLOPPY_IMAGE_FILENAME, aid.slot,
                FLOPPY_IMAGE_FILENAME_EXTENSION
            );
            pVM->floppy_image_filename = buf;
        }
    }
    if (pVM->enable_cache_disk) {
        pVM->cache_disk_filename = CACHE_DISK_FILENAME;
    }
    if (pVM->enable_isocontextualization) {
        pVM->iso_image_filename = ISO_IMAGE_FILENAME;
    }
    if (aid.ncpus > 1.0 || ncpus > 1.0) {
        if (ncpus) {
            sprintf(buf, "%d", (int)ceil(ncpus));
        } else {
            sprintf(buf, "%d", (int)ceil(aid.ncpus));
        }
        pVM->vm_cpu_count = buf;
    } else {
        pVM->vm_cpu_count = "1";
    }
    if (pVM->memory_size_mb > 1.0 || memory_size_mb > 1.0) {
        if (memory_size_mb) {
            sprintf(buf, "%d", (int)ceil(memory_size_mb));
        } else {